{
  "version": "20261018.1",
  "title": "祖先回溯之旅",
  "subtitle": "你的 DNA 里，住着几万年前的陌生人。",
  "canonical": "https://paimm.com/2026/ancestry/index.html",
  "sources": {
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "作者机构全文：正文 Fig. 4A 附近；非大洋洲非洲外样本 1.8–2.6%，东亚 2.3–2.6%，西欧亚 1.8–2.4%"
    },
    "reich": {
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      "year": 2010,
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "期刊摘要和正文：美拉尼西亚样本丹尼索瓦相关祖源估计 4–6%"
    },
    "browning": {
      "author": "Browning SR et al.",
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      "journal": "Cell",
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "chen2020": {
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "epas": {
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      "journal": "Nature",
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "risk": {
      "author": "Zeberg H & Pääbo S",
      "title": "The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2020,
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "oas": {
      "author": "Zeberg H & Pääbo S",
      "title": "A genomic region associated with protection against severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neandertals",
      "journal": "PNAS",
      "year": 2021,
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "landscape": {
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      "title": "The genomic landscape of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day humans",
      "journal": "Nature",
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "vernot": {
      "author": "Vernot B & Akey JM",
      "title": "Resurrecting surviving Neandertal lineages from modern human genomes",
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      "year": 2014,
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "xiahe": {
      "author": "Chen F et al.",
      "title": "A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2019,
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "harbin-dna": {
      "author": "Fu Q et al.",
      "title": "Denisovan mitochondrial DNA from dental calculus of the >146,000-year-old Harbin cranium",
      "journal": "Cell",
      "year": 2025,
      "doi": "10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.040",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.040",
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      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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      "author": "Fu Q et al.",
      "title": "The proteome of the late Middle Pleistocene Harbin individual",
      "journal": "Science",
      "year": 2025,
      "doi": "10.1126/science.adu9677",
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "penghu": {
      "author": "Tsutaya T et al.",
      "title": "A male Denisovan mandible from Pleistocene Taiwan",
      "journal": "Science",
      "year": 2025,
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "denny": {
      "author": "Slon V et al.",
      "title": "The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2018,
      "doi": "10.1038/s41586-018-0455-x",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0455-x",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "rohde": {
      "author": "Rohde DLT, Olson S & Chang JT",
      "title": "Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2004,
      "doi": "10.1038/nature02842",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02842",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "yang": {
      "author": "Yang MA et al.",
      "title": "Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China",
      "journal": "Science",
      "year": 2020,
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "tianyuan": {
      "author": "Fu Q et al.",
      "title": "DNA analysis of an early modern human from Tianyuan Cave, China",
      "journal": "PNAS",
      "year": 2013,
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      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "tianyuan2017": {
      "author": "Yang MA et al.",
      "title": "40,000-Year-Old Individual from Asia Provides Insight into Early Population Structure in Eurasia",
      "journal": "Current Biology",
      "year": 2017,
      "doi": "10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.030",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "ust": {
      "author": "Fu Q et al.",
      "title": "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2014,
      "doi": "10.1038/nature13810",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13810",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "sumer": {
      "author": "Sümer AP et al.",
      "title": "Earliest modern human genomes constrain timing of Neanderthal admixture",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2025,
      "doi": "10.1038/s41586-024-08420-x",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08420-x",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "2024-12-12 在线发表，2025 年卷期；摘要：共同混合事件约 45–49 ka"
    },
    "iasi": {
      "author": "Iasi LNM et al.",
      "title": "Neanderthal ancestry through time: Insights from genomes of ancient and present-day humans",
      "journal": "Science",
      "year": 2024,
      "doi": "10.1126/science.adq3010",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adq3010",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "origins": {
      "author": "Bergström A et al.",
      "title": "Origins of modern human ancestry",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2021,
      "doi": "10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03244-5",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
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    "poznik": {
      "author": "Poznik GD et al.",
      "title": "Sequencing Y Chromosomes Resolves Discrepancy in Time to Common Ancestor of Males Versus Females",
      "journal": "Science",
      "year": 2013,
      "doi": "10.1126/science.1237619",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1237619",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "hublin": {
      "author": "Hublin JJ et al.",
      "title": "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2017,
      "doi": "10.1038/nature22336",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22336",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "richter": {
      "author": "Richter D et al.",
      "title": "The age of the hominin fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and the origins of the Middle Stone Age",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2017,
      "doi": "10.1038/nature22335",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22335",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "sealevel": {
      "author": "Lambeck K et al.",
      "title": "Sea level and global ice volumes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the Holocene",
      "journal": "PNAS",
      "year": 2014,
      "doi": "10.1073/pnas.1411762111",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411762111",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "diversity": {
      "author": "Choudhury A et al.",
      "title": "High-depth African genomes inform human migration and health",
      "journal": "Nature",
      "year": 2020,
      "doi": "10.1038/s41586-020-2859-7",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2859-7",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "摘要与出版元数据"
    },
    "phylo": {
      "author": "van Oven M & Kayser M",
      "title": "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation",
      "journal": "Human Mutation",
      "year": 2009,
      "doi": "10.1002/humu.20921",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/humu.20921",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "论文与 PhyloTree 官方树：仅作母系树分支导航；不据单倍群推定个人迁徙地点"
    },
    "nobel": {
      "author": "Nobel Assembly",
      "title": "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022",
      "journal": "NobelPrize.org",
      "year": 2022,
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2022/summary/",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "诺贝尔奖官方获奖说明"
    },
    "isogg": {
      "author": "ISOGG",
      "title": "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree",
      "journal": "ISOGG",
      "year": null,
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://isogg.org/tree/",
      "verified": false,
      "access": "命名延伸阅读；本页主分支关系依据 Karafet 等原始论文。"
    },
    "nhgri": {
      "author": "NHGRI",
      "title": "Human Genomic Variation",
      "journal": "Genome.gov",
      "year": null,
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/educational-resources/fact-sheets/human-genomic-variation",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "官方教育资料：99.9% 是常见简化；纳入不同类型变异、比较参考基因组时口径不同"
    },
    "smith-erectus": {
      "author": "Smithsonian Human Origins Program",
      "title": "Homo Erectus",
      "journal": "Smithsonian Institution",
      "year": null,
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-erectus",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "官方化石物种与形态资料；不作为该物种对现生人类祖源比例的证据"
    },
    "smith-flores": {
      "author": "Smithsonian Human Origins Program",
      "title": "Homo Floresiensis",
      "journal": "Smithsonian Institution",
      "year": null,
      "doi": null,
      "url": "https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-floresiensis",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "官方化石物种与形态资料；不作为该物种对现生人类祖源比例的证据"
    },
    "karafet": {
      "author": "Karafet TM et al.",
      "title": "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree",
      "journal": "Genome Research",
      "year": 2008,
      "doi": "10.1101/gr.7172008",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.7172008",
      "verified": true,
      "access": "原始研究与树：以分支标记定位，保留简化祖先链，不把旧分支序号冒充现行命名"
    }
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      "id": "neand-east",
      "value": [
        2.3,
        2.6
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "source": "vindija",
      "verified": true,
      "scope": "2017 研究东亚样本"
    },
    {
      "id": "neand-west",
      "value": [
        1.8,
        2.4
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "source": "vindija",
      "verified": true,
      "scope": "2017 研究西欧亚样本"
    },
    {
      "id": "neand-broad",
      "value": [
        1.8,
        2.6
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "source": "vindija",
      "verified": true,
      "scope": "非大洋洲非洲外研究样本的宽泛范围"
    },
    {
      "id": "denis-melanesia",
      "value": [
        4,
        6
      ],
      "unit": "%",
      "source": "reich",
      "verified": true,
      "scope": "2010 研究美拉尼西亚样本"
    },
    {
      "id": "poznik-y",
      "value": [
        120000,
        156000
      ],
      "unit": "years",
      "source": "poznik",
      "verified": true
    },
    {
      "id": "poznik-mt",
      "value": [
        99000,
        148000
      ],
      "unit": "years",
      "source": "poznik",
      "verified": true
    },
    {
      "id": "irhoud",
      "value": 315000,
      "uncertainty": 34000,
      "unit": "years",
      "source": "richter",
      "verified": true
    },
    {
      "id": "sumer",
      "value": [
        45000,
        49000
      ],
      "unit": "years",
      "source": "sumer",
      "verified": true
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      "value": [
        43500,
        50500
      ],
      "unit": "years",
      "source": "iasi",
      "verified": true
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    {
      "id": "sea",
      "value": [
        -134,
        0
      ],
      "unit": "m",
      "source": "sealevel",
      "verified": true,
      "scope": "教学滑块端点；论文估计盛冰期最低全球均海面约低 134 m，并非精确当地海面"
    },
    {
      "id": "slots",
      "value": 1073741824,
      "generation": 30,
      "unit": "pedigree slots",
      "source": "rohde",
      "verified": true,
      "scope": "精确数学 2^30；不是人群实测人数"
    }
  ],
  "regions": [
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      "id": "north",
      "name": "东亚北部",
      "group": "east",
      "image": "region-north",
      "description": "华北、东北等；以下借用研究的宽泛东亚范围，并非细分地区均值。",
      "neanderthal": [
        2.3,
        2.6
      ],
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      "scope": "东亚样本参考范围",
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "browning"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "south",
      "name": "东亚南部",
      "group": "east",
      "image": "region-south",
      "description": "华南、东南沿海等；并无据此区分南北个人比例的依据。",
      "neanderthal": [
        2.3,
        2.6
      ],
      "denisovan": null,
      "scope": "东亚样本参考范围",
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "browning"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "tibet",
      "name": "青藏高原",
      "group": "east",
      "image": "region-tibet",
      "description": "高原故事另见 EPAS1；不能据地区判断是否携带该单倍型。",
      "neanderthal": [
        2.3,
        2.6
      ],
      "denisovan": null,
      "scope": "东亚样本参考范围",
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "browning"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "seasia",
      "name": "东南亚",
      "group": "broad",
      "image": "region-seasia",
      "description": "内部差异很大；菲律宾 Ayta 个案不能代表整个地区。",
      "neanderthal": [
        1.8,
        2.6
      ],
      "denisovan": null,
      "scope": "非大洋洲非洲外样本宽泛参考；不等同本地区均值",
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "browning"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "sasia",
      "name": "南亚",
      "group": "broad",
      "image": "region-sasia",
      "description": "内部人口史多样；采用宽泛比较范围而非一个地区定值。",
      "neanderthal": [
        1.8,
        2.6
      ],
      "denisovan": null,
      "scope": "非大洋洲非洲外样本宽泛参考；不等同本地区均值",
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "browning"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "europe",
      "name": "欧洲",
      "group": "west",
      "image": "region-europe",
      "description": "参考研究中的西欧亚样本范围，不代表每个欧洲人。",
      "neanderthal": [
        1.8,
        2.4
      ],
      "denisovan": null,
      "scope": "西欧亚样本参考范围",
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "browning"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "mena",
      "name": "中东与北非",
      "group": "broad",
      "image": "region-mena",
      "description": "跨越不同人口史；宽泛比较范围不能作为北非群体均值。",
      "neanderthal": [
        1.8,
        2.6
      ],
      "denisovan": null,
      "scope": "非大洋洲非洲外样本宽泛参考；不等同本地区均值",
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "browning"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "africa",
      "name": "撒哈拉以南非洲",
      "group": "africa",
      "image": "region-africa",
      "description": "回迁等过程产生差异；不把单项研究换算为全地区统一百分比。",
      "neanderthal": null,
      "denisovan": null,
      "scope": "有相关信号；无本工具可比的全地区百分比",
      "sources": [
        "chen2020"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "americas",
      "name": "美洲原住民",
      "group": "broad",
      "image": "region-americas",
      "description": "是多样的人群历史；不依据此选项推断个人基因。",
      "neanderthal": [
        1.8,
        2.6
      ],
      "denisovan": null,
      "scope": "非大洋洲非洲外样本宽泛参考；不等同本地区均值",
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "browning"
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "oceania",
      "name": "大洋洲",
      "group": "oceania",
      "image": "region-oceania",
      "description": "丹尼索瓦范围来自美拉尼西亚样本，不概括所有大洋洲居民。",
      "neanderthal": null,
      "denisovan": [
        4,
        6
      ],
      "scope": "美拉尼西亚样本参考范围",
      "sources": [
        "reich"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "genes": [
    {
      "id": "epas",
      "title": "在稀薄空气里，身体怎样读懂氧？",
      "image": "gene-epas",
      "lead": "一小段来自古老近亲的 DNA，参与了高原适应的故事。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "高原的氧分压较低，身体需要调节供氧。EPAS1 编码的 HIF-2α 是氧感应系统的一部分，会影响低氧条件下的基因表达。藏族人群中受选择的一种 EPAS1 单倍型，与丹尼索瓦相关序列非常接近，研究支持它通过古老混合进入现代人祖先，随后在高原环境中频率升高。",
        "这里重要的不是“古老基因更强”，而是同一段变异在不同环境中的作用可能不同。该信号涉及调控与血红蛋白反应，不能概括成单个基因独自创造了耐缺氧能力；高原适应还涉及其他基因、生理过程和生活环境。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "低氧环境",
        "氧感应与表达调控",
        "不同生理反应",
        "世代间自然选择"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "epas"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "risk",
      "title": "同一段遗产，也可能带来代价",
      "image": "gene-risk",
      "lead": "来自尼安德特人的染色体片段，出现在疾病关联研究里。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "2020 年研究把 3 号染色体上一段与当时新冠重症风险相关的单倍型，追溯到尼安德特相关祖源。单倍型是一组经常一起遗传的邻近变异；发现一段单倍型与疾病相关，并不等于已经找到了其中每一个因果变异。",
        "感染结局还受到年龄、免疫史、病毒变异、疫苗和医疗条件等因素影响。这是一段解释基因组研究如何连接古今的历史证据，不能根据地区选项或古人类 DNA 总量，给一个人算出患病风险。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "古老混合",
        "连锁变异共同遗传",
        "研究人群中比较结局",
        "寻找功能与因果环节"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "risk"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "oas",
      "title": "细胞里的“病毒碎纸机”",
      "image": "gene-oas",
      "lead": "另一段尼安德特相关遗产，在早期研究中与保护效应相关。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "OAS 基因家族参与先天免疫。细胞识别到双链 RNA 等信号后，OAS 蛋白可以合成小分子信使，激活 RNase L，后者切割 RNA，帮助限制病毒复制。12 号染色体上的一段尼安德特相关单倍型，在 2021 年研究中与较低的新冠重症风险相关。",
        "这个故事说明，古老来源本身不能决定一段变异是好是坏。3 号和 12 号染色体的关联方向不同，机制也不同；群体中的统计关联不能直接转成某位读者的临床结论。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "病毒 RNA 信号",
        "OAS 产生信使",
        "RNase L 被激活",
        "RNA 切割与抗病毒反应"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "oas"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "skin",
      "title": "皮肤和头发，也保存着历史",
      "image": "gene-skin",
      "lead": "有些古老片段留在了与身体屏障有关的区域。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "古人类与现代人祖先混合后，大片 DNA 在每代重组中被切成更短的片段。一些保留下来的尼安德特相关片段，分布在角蛋白等与皮肤和毛发有关的基因附近。研究者会把这些区域与随机背景比较，寻找富集、缺失与选择的线索。",
        "富集不是功能已被逐项证明，更不能用一段祖源解释一个人的外貌。变异可能影响表达，也可能与真正起作用的变异相邻；免疫和屏障性状通常受许多位点、环境和发育共同影响。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "混合引入片段",
        "重组不断切短",
        "漂变与选择改变频率",
        "比较基因组分布"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "landscape",
        "vernot"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "desert",
      "title": "为什么有些地方留下的特别少？",
      "image": "gene-desert",
      "lead": "“祖源荒漠”不是没有基因，而是古老来源片段显著稀少。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "研究在基因组中发现某些大区段的尼安德特相关祖源明显减少。可能原因之一是负向选择：若某些引入变异在新的遗传背景下降低繁殖成功，它们会更难留到后代；与它们相连的邻近片段也可能被一起带走。",
        "重组率、群体史、遗传漂变、样本覆盖和检测方法都会影响我们看到的分布。因而“荒漠”应理解为特定数据和方法下的耗竭信号，不能一概说这些区域在所有人身上绝对没有古人类 DNA，也不能仅凭缺失就认定唯一原因。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "引入的 DNA 片段",
        "遗传背景与连锁",
        "选择、漂变与重组",
        "出现祖源耗竭区"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "landscape"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "一段古老 DNA 的作用，主要取决于什么？",
        "options": [
          "它来自哪个古人类就决定好坏",
          "具体变异、遗传背景与环境",
          "古人类成分越多就越优秀"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "来源是历史信息；作用需要研究具体变异和条件。"
      },
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    }
  ],
  "relatives": [
    {
      "id": "sapiens",
      "title": "智人：我们也在图鉴里",
      "image": "relative-sapiens",
      "lead": "不是演化阶梯的顶端，而是仍在变化的一条谱系。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "智人与其他古人类共享更久远的祖先。化石的形态特征不会在某一天同时变得与今天完全一样：杰贝尔依罗化石具有较现代的面部特征，同时保留不同于今天的颅脑形态。这种镶嵌提醒我们，物种形成是群体层面的长期过程。",
        "今天的人类差异大多是连续变化的。非洲保存着丰富而深层的遗传多样性，非洲以外人群的历史包含迁出、瓶颈、扩张和后续交流；地区名只是帮助阅读这些过程的标签。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "共同祖先",
        "分化与交流",
        "形态逐步变化",
        "今天仍在演化"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "hublin",
        "diversity"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "neanderthal",
      "title": "尼安德特人：火光旁的近亲",
      "image": "relative-neanderthal",
      "lead": "化石、工具与基因组，一起让他们重新成为有生活的人。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "尼安德特人在欧亚西部长期生活，具有多种颅骨和身体形态特征。古基因组与现代人的片段比较显示，他们与部分现代人祖先发生过交流。今天每个人留下的片段并不相同；把许多人的片段拼起来，可以找回更多已经消失的基因组信息。",
        "研究者用古 DNA 损伤模式、污染检测和不同样本相互验证，避免把现代污染误当成古代信号。生活插画表现可能的场景；衣着、个体容貌和情绪不能由 DNA 精确复原。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "化石取样",
        "鉴别古 DNA",
        "与现代序列比较",
        "识别共享片段"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "vindija",
        "vernot"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "denisovan",
      "title": "丹尼索瓦人：先读到基因，后找到面孔",
      "image": "relative-denisovan",
      "lead": "一小块骨头，让我们认识到一条此前未知的古老谱系。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "丹尼索瓦洞穴材料的基因组揭示了一支与尼安德特人近缘的古人类。后来，青藏高原夏河下颌骨的古蛋白证据，把这条谱系的分布线索带到远离阿尔泰的地方。不同地区的丹尼索瓦相关人群也并非完全相同。",
        "蛋白质中的氨基酸差异可以在 DNA 难保存时提供亲缘信息，但位点数量远少于完整基因组。由一节指骨不能画出精确面容；这里把人放在远景中，让证据与想象各自保留位置。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "洞穴小骨片",
        "古 DNA 确认谱系",
        "其他化石古蛋白",
        "扩展地理证据"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "reich",
        "xiahe",
        "browning"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "erectus",
      "title": "直立人：更早的远行者",
      "image": "relative-erectus",
      "lead": "走出非洲的故事，远比我们这条近代谱系更长。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "“直立人”通常指分布广、持续时间长的一组化石材料。身体比例、颅骨形态与石器留下更早的人类扩散线索。它不能直接等同于我们时间列车里较晚发生的现代人祖先向非洲外扩张。较长的腿与较短的臂，在化石比较中提示接近现代人的身体比例；形态证据描述的是身体结构，并不直接给出遗传贡献比例。",
        "没有可直接比较的直立人完整古基因组，就不能给读者算出“直立人 DNA 百分比”。化石分类、群体谱系和今天基因组里可检测的片段，是不同层面的证据。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "化石形态",
        "考古环境",
        "扩散线索",
        "仍有未知亲缘关系"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "origins",
        "smith-erectus"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "flores",
      "title": "弗洛勒斯人：岛屿上的另一种可能",
      "image": "relative-flores",
      "lead": "体型很小，也拥有漫长而独特的演化历史。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "弗洛勒斯岛的古人类化石展示了与我们不同的体型和形态组合。岛屿环境、资源和隔离可以改变演化的路径，但不能简单把任何岛上小体型都归结为同一种机制；不同起源假说需要更多化石和比较研究。",
        "这张图鉴记录古人类多样性，不表示他们一定给现代人贡献了可识别的 DNA。六张收藏卡混合了人群与化石个案，不能当成六个互不相交的基因类别。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "岛屿隔离",
        "生态条件",
        "形态变化",
        "比较多种起源假说"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "origins",
        "smith-flores"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "harbin",
      "title": "哈尔滨头骨：证据跨过保存的难关",
      "image": "relative-harbin",
      "lead": "牙结石里的线粒体 DNA，与头骨中的古蛋白相互呼应。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "2025 年两项研究从哈尔滨头骨获得分子证据：牙结石中的线粒体 DNA 落在已知丹尼索瓦相关序列的变异范围内，古蛋白分析也支持丹尼索瓦亲缘。这使一个较完整的头骨，与此前主要由分子材料认识的谱系联系起来。",
        "“哈尔滨”是化石个案卡，不能再把它当作与丹尼索瓦人平行、互不重叠的遗传类别。两种分子证据互相支持，同时也各有局限；它们并没有恢复该个体的完整核基因组。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "牙结石 / 骨骼取样",
        "线粒体 DNA / 蛋白质",
        "比较亲缘特征",
        "支持丹尼索瓦关联"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "harbin-dna",
        "harbin-protein"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    }
  ],
  "fossils": [
    {
      "id": "xiahe",
      "title": "夏河：在高原读懂一块下颌骨",
      "image": "fossil-xiahe",
      "lead": "当 DNA 沉默时，蛋白质还能留下亲缘线索。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "青藏高原白石崖溶洞相关的夏河下颌骨保留了古蛋白。研究者比较氨基酸序列中的亲缘信号，支持它属于丹尼索瓦相关古人类。这不是根据骨头“长得像”就下结论，而是形态、地点、年代和分子材料一起约束解释。",
        "蛋白质较耐保存，却只能提供有限的序列信息。它能帮助定位亲缘，不能重建一个人的全部遗传组成，更不能由化石所在地推定当代当地人的个人祖源。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "化石中的蛋白",
        "读取氨基酸差异",
        "与古人类序列比较",
        "定位亲缘"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "xiahe"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "penghu",
      "title": "澎湖：海底捞出的亲缘证据",
      "image": "fossil-penghu",
      "lead": "一块下颌骨，把丹尼索瓦相关证据带到更南方。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "2025 年研究利用澎湖 1 号下颌骨的古蛋白序列，支持其来自一名男性丹尼索瓦相关个体。这提示这类古人群的生态分布比最初的寒冷阿尔泰洞穴印象更广。",
        "海底打捞材料缺少原位地层信息，因此不能给出与受控发掘一样精确的年代和生活环境。图中的海岸是发现背景的叙事，并不表示已经确定这个个体曾站在画中的某个地点。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "下颌骨与牙齿",
        "古蛋白序列",
        "谱系与性别相关信号",
        "地理分布新线索"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "penghu"
      ],
      "quiz": null,
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    },
    {
      "id": "denny",
      "title": "Denny：父母来自两条近亲谱系",
      "image": "fossil-denny",
      "lead": "古基因组读出的，不只是群体交流，还有一个家庭。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "一块骨片中的核基因组显示，Denny 的母亲属于尼安德特相关人群，父亲属于丹尼索瓦相关人群。两套来源分布在成对染色体上，与第一代后代相符；这比仅在现代人身上看到短小残留片段，更直接地记录了一次亲代相遇。",
        "父亲的谱系中也有更早的尼安德特相关祖源，说明交流不只发生一次。所谓谱系并不是密封的盒子：在群体分化之外，人群之间仍可能发生基因流。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "母方染色体",
        "父方染色体",
        "成对序列对照",
        "支持第一代后代"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "denny"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "Denny 的基因组最直接记录了什么？",
        "options": [
          "两条谱系从不交流",
          "尼安德特母亲与丹尼索瓦父亲的第一代后代",
          "今天某个人的祖源比例"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "成对的核基因组来源，比很久之后残留的小片段更直接地指向父母。"
      },
      "years": 0,
      "label": ""
    }
  ],
  "train": [
    {
      "id": "pedigree",
      "title": "30 代前，你有多少“祖先位置”？",
      "image": "train-1",
      "lead": "位置会翻倍，真实的人会重叠。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "把父母放在第一代，每往前一代，家谱位置都乘以二。第三十代有 2³⁰，也就是 1,073,741,824 个位置。这是数学计数，不是已经发现了十亿位互不相同的人。",
        "不同分支会遇到同一个人，于是一个祖先可以占据多个位置。这叫祖先重叠或谱系坍缩。家谱关系也不保证留下可识别的 DNA：重组与随机传递会让一些较远的家谱祖先不再给你留下可辨识片段。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "每代位置 ×2",
        "多个分支遇到同一祖先",
        "位置数大于不同人数",
        "家谱祖先 ≠ 可检出 DNA"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "rohde"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "2³⁰ 个家谱位置，等于这么多不同的人吗？",
        "options": [
          "一定相等",
          "不等于，同一个人可以重复出现",
          "每代人数固定不变"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "指数增加的是位置；亲缘网络中的节点会合并。"
      },
      "years": 900,
      "label": "约 30 代前"
    },
    {
      "id": "mrca",
      "title": "我们的家谱，何时开始相遇？",
      "image": "train-2",
      "lead": "共同祖先和“祖先集合相同”，是两个时点。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Rohde 等人在带有地理与迁徙条件的模型中发现，全体现生人的家谱共同祖先可能比直觉中近得多。那是依赖人口连接和迁徙假设的模拟结果，不是从历史档案确定了某个具体人或某一年。",
        "最近共同祖先是至少有一人连接所有今天的人；更早的“相同祖先点”，则是该时点留下现生后代的人具有相同的现生后代集合。两者不能混用，也都不代表所有人从这些祖先处继承了相同 DNA。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "最近共同祖先",
        "继续向更早追溯",
        "相同祖先点",
        "取决于模型中的连接"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "rohde"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "“每位有现生后代的人都连接全部今天的人”，描述哪一个？",
        "options": [
          "最近共同祖先的定义",
          "相同祖先点的模型概念",
          "某段 DNA 的唯一祖先"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "它比“至少一人是大家的祖先”更强，属于更早的相同祖先点。"
      },
      "years": 4000,
      "label": "模型中的数千年前"
    },
    {
      "id": "china",
      "title": "南来北往，让人群历史流动",
      "image": "train-3",
      "lead": "古 DNA 让今天的地图重新有了时间。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "2020 年对中国古代人群材料的研究发现，早期南北方的遗传结构，与今天不能直接画等号。后来的迁徙与交流改变了许多地区的祖源构成；今天观察到的相似性可能来自多次交流，而非从古至今原地不动。",
        "研究以不同年代样本之间的等位基因共享和模型比较，检验人群联系。样本仍有地域和年代空白，因此我们用连接的路径讲述交流，不把今天的省界变成古代封闭的人群边界。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "不同年代的古 DNA",
        "比较序列共享",
        "检验人群交流模型",
        "形成不断变化的结构"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "yang"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "今天相邻的人群，从古到今都未发生变化吗？",
        "options": [
          "是，边界一直固定",
          "不是，迁徙与交流会改变结构",
          "只要同一地名就等于同一人群"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "地点和遗传结构不是固定的一对一关系。"
      },
      "years": 9000,
      "label": "约 9,000 年前"
    },
    {
      "id": "ice",
      "title": "海退之后，地图换了一副模样",
      "image": "train-4",
      "lead": "陆地变大了，但并不是所有海峡都消失。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "末次盛冰期，大量水储存在大陆冰盖中，全球平均海平面显著低于今天。陆架出露，改变了白令地区以及东南亚和澳洲附近的陆地连接。拖动海面，可以观察“水位降低—陆架出露—连通性改变”的关系。",
        "巽他古陆和萨胡尔古陆之间仍有深水海峡，不能画成从亚洲一路步行到澳大利亚的连续陆桥。这里的海面剖面是教学示意，不是精确古海岸线复原；真实海岸还受地形、地壳运动和局部海平面影响。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "冰盖储水增加",
        "全球平均海面降低",
        "浅陆架出露",
        "深水海峡仍保留"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "sealevel"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "盛冰期能从巽他古陆一路走陆地到萨胡尔吗？",
        "options": [
          "能，所有海峡都干了",
          "不能，中间仍有深水海峡",
          "当时陆地比今天还少"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "华莱士区深水通道仍存在，海退不等于海洋全部消失。"
      },
      "years": 20000,
      "label": "约 20,000 年前"
    },
    {
      "id": "tianyuan",
      "title": "田园洞：北京附近的远古来信",
      "image": "train-5",
      "lead": "一份古基因组，让四万年前的东亚有了坐标。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "田园洞个体的 DNA 为早期东亚人群提供了直接证据。与古今基因组比较，可以研究他与后来的东亚相关人群之间的联系，以及当时欧亚内部已经存在的人群结构。",
        "一个个体是一个时空样本，不等于整片地区的全部人口，更不能直接称为所有今天某地区人的唯一祖先。研究者需要更多遗址、年代和个体，才能把一封来信连成历史。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "一个时空样本",
        "比较古今序列",
        "识别人群联系",
        "用更多样本补全历史"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "tianyuan",
        "tianyuan2017"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "一位四万年前的个体，能代表当时所有东亚人吗？",
        "options": [
          "能，所有人当时完全一样",
          "不能，他只是一个重要时空样本",
          "不能，因此古 DNA 没有价值"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "古样本很珍贵，但代表范围需要由采样与比较限定。"
      },
      "years": 40000,
      "label": "约 40,000 年前"
    },
    {
      "id": "ust",
      "title": "乌斯季伊希姆：DNA 片段也是钟",
      "image": "train-6",
      "lead": "古人的长片段，记录着较近的混合。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "乌斯季伊希姆个体的基因组携带尼安德特相关片段，其中一些比今天常见的片段长。每次减数分裂中的重组都有机会把祖源片段切短，因此片段长度的分布可以用来估计混合距个体生活年代有多远。",
        "这不是逐段 DNA 都有精确日期。推算还要结合重组率、世代长度、混合持续时间和样本年代等条件。使用统计分布比盯住某一条片段更可靠，多个样本还能帮助检验模型。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "混合引入长片段",
        "每代发生重组",
        "长度分布逐渐改变",
        "结合古样本年龄推算"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "ust"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "世代增加后，祖源片段通常怎样变化？",
        "options": [
          "重组使片段平均变短",
          "每代自动拼得更长",
          "长度与世代完全无关"
        ],
        "correct": 0,
        "explanation": "重组在世代间不断打断连锁，留下一个可建模的时间信号。"
      },
      "years": 45000,
      "label": "约 45,000 年前"
    },
    {
      "id": "admixture",
      "title": "相遇，不是一个瞬间的标签",
      "image": "train-7",
      "lead": "不同研究用不同证据，收紧共同混合的时间窗口。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "Sümer 等人的古基因组研究将一段共享的尼安德特混合事件估在约 4.5万—4.9 万年前；Iasi 等人的时间序列分析给出更长的主要基因流窗口，约 4.35万—5.05 万年前。两者的样本与模型不同，不应拼成一个假装精确的日期。",
        "混合可能持续多代，也可能在不同地点重复发生。今天残留片段的数量受此后选择和人口史改变，所以“发生过交流”和“现在平均留下多少”是需要分别回答的问题。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "群体相遇",
        "连续或多次基因流",
        "重组与选择",
        "比较不同样本和模型"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "sumer",
        "iasi"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "两篇研究给出不同时间范围，应该怎样展示？",
        "options": [
          "挑一个日期当成精确事实",
          "分别列出样本与模型对应的范围",
          "把两个端点平均成确定日期"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "范围和模型一起呈现，读者才能知道估计意味着什么。"
      },
      "years": 49000,
      "label": "约 4.35万—5.05 万年前"
    },
    {
      "id": "outafrica",
      "title": "远行的是群体，不是第一位英雄",
      "image": "train-8",
      "lead": "多条路径、多次扩散，留下复杂的非洲内外联系。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "非洲外现生人群的大部分祖源与较晚的一次主要扩张有关，常放在约六万至五万年前的框架中讨论。更早的现代人扩散也有化石与遗传线索；它们与后代的具体关系仍需逐项研究，不能简单把所有早期扩散都说成没有后代。",
        "地图上的箭头表示大尺度联系，而非已经逐段确定的旅行路线。迁徙涉及许多群体和世代，也伴随着回迁；基因流会把部分非洲外形成的片段重新带入非洲。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "非洲内部深层联系",
        "多个群体向外扩散",
        "与近亲交流",
        "扩张、再交流与回迁"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "origins",
        "chen2020"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "“走出非洲”更合适的画面是什么？",
        "options": [
          "第一个人独自越过边界",
          "多个群体在多代中扩散与交流",
          "一条永不回头的唯一线路"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "群体史包含扩散、混合和回迁，不能压缩成某个第一人的旅行。"
      },
      "years": 60000,
      "label": "约 6万—5 万年前"
    },
    {
      "id": "uniparental",
      "title": "夏娃与亚当：只是两条线",
      "image": "train-9",
      "lead": "一棵庞大家谱里，沿母系和父系各挑一根线。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "线粒体通常由母亲传递，Y 染色体父系分支则沿特定传递链追溯。各自的最近共同祖先，是今天所采样的这些单线谱系向过去汇合的位置，不是当时唯一的女性或男性，也不是全体人类由一对夫妇开始。",
        "时间估计会随样本、突变率和方法变化。Poznik 2013 的样本与校准下，Y 共同祖先估计为 12万—15.6 万年前，线粒体为 9.9万—14.8 万年前；这是该研究的估计而非最新统一定论。两个范围可以重叠，不能断言两人一定同时或一定不同时生活。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "完整家谱有许多分支",
        "沿母母母 / 父父父单线",
        "各自追到共同节点",
        "节点随样本与模型估计"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "poznik"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "线粒体共同祖先，是当时唯一有后代的女性吗？",
        "options": [
          "是，其他女性都没有后代",
          "不是，她只是母系单线汇合点",
          "是，她和 Y 祖先必定是夫妻"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "其他同时代人的后代可以通过包含男性的路径延续，只是线粒体单线未保留到今天。"
      },
      "years": 150000,
      "label": "研究示例：约 10万—16 万年前"
    },
    {
      "id": "irhoud",
      "title": "回到非洲，答案仍是一张网络",
      "image": "train-10",
      "lead": "杰贝尔依罗的火石与化石，把故事带到三十万年前。",
      "paragraphs": [
        "摩洛哥杰贝尔依罗材料为早期智人的形态与年代提供关键证据。相关热释光测年研究给出约 315 ± 34 千年；这个误差属于具体测量与模型，不是说现代人的起源恰好发生在某一天。",
        "化石与基因组共同提示，现代人的形成涉及非洲不同地区的群体结构和联系。结尾把非洲画成互相连接的多个地区，而不是把某处定成唯一出生点。共享起源与持续交流，比整齐的单线家谱更接近证据呈现的故事。"
      ],
      "nodes": [
        "化石形态",
        "相关材料测年",
        "非洲多地区证据",
        "连接的群体演化历史"
      ],
      "sources": [
        "hublin",
        "richter",
        "origins"
      ],
      "quiz": {
        "question": "三十万年前的非洲起源，更适合怎样理解？",
        "options": [
          "已确定东非某一点是唯一出生地",
          "涉及多地区群体和联系的演化过程",
          "那时只存在两位祖先"
        ],
        "correct": 1,
        "explanation": "摩洛哥等多地的证据支持用更广的非洲框架思考，精确地理过程仍在研究。"
      },
      "years": 315000,
      "label": "约 315 ± 34 千年前"
    }
  ],
  "haplogroups": {
    "D4": {
      "kind": "mt",
      "chain": [
        "L3",
        "M",
        "D",
        "D4"
      ],
      "source": "phylo",
      "note": "母系树分支导航。分支名称不是个人的地理行程；本工具不提供尚未逐项核实的起源日期和迁徙路线。"
    },
    "B4": {
      "kind": "mt",
      "chain": [
        "L3",
        "N",
        "R",
        "B",
        "B4"
      ],
      "source": "phylo",
      "note": "母系树分支导航。分支名称不是个人的地理行程；本工具不提供尚未逐项核实的起源日期和迁徙路线。"
    },
    "F": {
      "kind": "mt",
      "chain": [
        "L3",
        "N",
        "R",
        "R9",
        "F"
      ],
      "source": "phylo",
      "note": "母系树分支导航。分支名称不是个人的地理行程；本工具不提供尚未逐项核实的起源日期和迁徙路线。"
    },
    "M7": {
      "kind": "mt",
      "chain": [
        "L3",
        "M",
        "M7"
      ],
      "source": "phylo",
      "note": "母系树分支导航。分支名称不是个人的地理行程；本工具不提供尚未逐项核实的起源日期和迁徙路线。"
    },
    "A": {
      "kind": "mt",
      "chain": [
        "L3",
        "N",
        "A"
      ],
      "source": "phylo",
      "note": "母系树分支导航。分支名称不是个人的地理行程；本工具不提供尚未逐项核实的起源日期和迁徙路线。"
    },
    "O-M122": {
      "kind": "y",
      "chain": [
        "CT",
        "CF",
        "F",
        "K",
        "NO",
        "O-M175",
        "O-M122"
      ],
      "source": "karafet",
      "note": "Y 树主分支的简化导航，中间节点有省略；报告须有相应标记支持。单线不能概括完整祖源，本工具不提供未核实的起源日期。"
    },
    "O-M175": {
      "kind": "y",
      "chain": [
        "CT",
        "CF",
        "F",
        "K",
        "NO",
        "O-M175"
      ],
      "source": "karafet",
      "note": "Y 树主分支的简化导航，中间节点有省略；报告须有相应标记支持。单线不能概括完整祖源，本工具不提供未核实的起源日期。"
    },
    "C": {
      "kind": "y",
      "chain": [
        "CT",
        "CF",
        "C"
      ],
      "source": "karafet",
      "note": "Y 树主分支的简化导航，中间节点有省略；报告须有相应标记支持。单线不能概括完整祖源，本工具不提供未核实的起源日期。"
    },
    "N": {
      "kind": "y",
      "chain": [
        "CT",
        "CF",
        "F",
        "K",
        "NO",
        "N"
      ],
      "source": "karafet",
      "note": "Y 树主分支的简化导航，中间节点有省略；报告须有相应标记支持。单线不能概括完整祖源，本工具不提供未核实的起源日期。"
    }
  },
  "unverified": [
    {
      "id": "east-denis-percent",
      "requested": "东亚统一 0.1–0.2%",
      "verified": false,
      "action": "本次未核到可支持所有东亚分区且口径一致的该范围；保留存在与多来源证据，不填零或编造百分比"
    },
    {
      "id": "african-percent",
      "requested": "撒哈拉以南非洲统一 0.3%",
      "verified": false,
      "action": "舍弃统一百分比；Chen 2020 的检测片段长度和参考口径不直接换算成全地区均值"
    },
    {
      "id": "haplo-routes",
      "requested": "九个单倍群的精确起源地、日期与迁徙路线",
      "verified": false,
      "action": "未逐分支核实，展示经来源核对的树分支关系，不绘制似精确的个人迁徙路线"
    },
    {
      "id": "regional-subgroups",
      "requested": "十个地区全部具有独立实测均值",
      "verified": false,
      "action": "无对应数据的分区明确使用宽泛样本参考或显示暂无可比值，不伪造十份均值"
    },
    {
      "id": "isogg-access",
      "requested": "直接读取 ISOGG 当前版本树",
      "verified": false,
      "action": "工具未能读取；Y 分支采用可核对的 Karafet 2008 原始论文，不提供分支年龄或迁徙路线"
    }
  ],
  "constants": {
    "stars": 15,
    "cards": 6,
    "posterYears": 300000,
    "generationYears": [
      25,
      30
    ]
  },
  "intro": {
    "lead": "你不是一条孤独的血脉。你是一张跨越山海、不断相遇的关系网。",
    "paragraphs": [
      "人类基因组高度相似；常见的“约 99.9%”是特定序列比较口径下的概括，计入不同类型变异后并非唯一数值。差异常随地理连续变化，不能被整齐切成几个生物学类别。",
      "非洲包含丰富而深层的遗传多样性。我们用地区作为阅读迁徙的入口，不把它当作固定边界，也不按古人类 DNA 的多少评价能力或价值。"
    ],
    "sources": [
      "diversity",
      "origins",
      "nhgri"
    ],
    "quiz": {
      "question": "地区之间的遗传差异，更像哪幅画？",
      "options": [
        "几个互不相交的纯色盒子",
        "彼此连接、渐变的色带",
        "按能力从高到低的台阶"
      ],
      "correct": 1,
      "explanation": "人群之间存在联系与连续变异；地理标签不等于生物学上分明的类别。"
    }
  },
  "jarQuiz": {
    "question": "在 Larena 2021 研究的比较样本中，谁的丹尼索瓦祖源估计最高？",
    "options": [
      "所有东亚人都相同",
      "菲律宾 Ayta Magbukon 样本",
      "所有欧洲人"
    ],
    "correct": 1,
    "explanation": "这是该研究与比较面板中的发现，不能把它写成永远有效的全球排行榜；也不代表整个菲律宾。"
  },
  "relQuiz": {
    "question": "六张图鉴卡，是否代表六个互不重叠的遗传类别？",
    "options": [
      "是，每张都独立",
      "不是，哈尔滨是与丹尼索瓦相关的化石个案",
      "是，今天每个人都平均来自六类"
    ],
    "correct": 1,
    "explanation": "人群名称、化石分类与单个化石不是同一层次，收藏卡不能被当作严格遗传分类表。"
  },
  "disclaimer": "数值为已发表研究中的人群平均值，不代表个人检测结果；人群划分只为说明迁徙历史，人类不存在生物学上分明的『人种』。"
}